Wednesday, November 27, 2019
HR Recruitment and Selection Case Study In Elgin Pharmaceutical The WritePass Journal
HR Recruitment and Selection Case Study In Elgin Pharmaceutical Introduction: HR Recruitment and Selection Case Study In Elgin Pharmaceutical Introduction: The strategy of the company is:Evaluation of Current Recruitment and Selection Process:Waiting lists:For Selection company is using:1. General Mental Ability Test:2. Semi-Structured Interviews:Proposal:The first step in pre-recruitment is:1. Establishing evidence case for recruitment:2. Job Analysis:1. Internal survey:2. External survey:Another main step for job analysis is job description:Job description for the child care and development centre is given below:Person Specification:3. Labour Market Assessment:The Third step is Selection:Structured interviewsTelephone interviewsConclusion:References:Appendix:Appendix 1:Company BackgroundAppendix 2:Related Introduction: Human Resource Planning helps to find out the need of people in the organization. Job analysis and Job design indicates the responsibilities and tasks of the employees in fig.1: (K Aswathappa,2007) Recruitment and Selection both are the vital part for an organization because it directly affects organization performance, employee relations, and a positive public image. The aim of this report is to analyze the new recruitment and selection methods for hiring the new staff to establish a company crà ¨che and child development centre. This company is using the same method of recruitment (waiting lists) and selection (General Mental Ability and Semi-Structured Interviews) from last ten years. The strategy of the company is: 1)  To retain the employees for a long period of time 2)  To maintain the reputation of the company 3)   To motivate the employees to increase their performance and achieve the positive results from it In the analysis, this report analyzes the modes of recruitment and selection process like waiting lists; interviews; psychometric test, advertisement but not considered other methods. Company is using these methods from last ten years. The current recruitment and selection process is very much beneficial for the company but it is very limited. Evaluation of Current Recruitment and Selection Process: The Company is using the Recruitment and Selection process from last ten years. For recruitment company is using waiting lists: Waiting lists: These lists are made up of logical enquiries and applicants hired from the old recruitment activity. Then it provides suitable applicants that can be assessed when there will be any vacancy. Waiting lists are of low costs and resource efficient. Because candidates are already selected for the next step but they have to wait for the vacant positions in the company. These are hard to manage because these are spoiled quickly. Applications have very limited life, as candidates interest may change to other jobs. When employer reactivates the application and contact the candidate, it enhances the chances of success for candidate. Therefore, candidates can negotiate the contract terms and candidates expect more supportive behavior from the company. Waiting lists could cause discrimination among the candidates because they may restrict from the jobs again. (S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge,2006) For Selection company is using: 1. General Mental Ability Test: It is also called psychometric test. These tests are used for assessment and evaluation of the test taker by a competent examiner. It is used to check he intelligence and knowledge of the candidate. Its advantage is that candidates cannot lie in it. Moreover biasness can be avoided. This test is used where there are number of candidates for the job. These tests are quite useful than the interviews because real information can be more easily taken from tests instead of the interviews. It’s more reliable and valid. Non-minorities typically score one standard deviation above minorities which may result in adverse impact depending on how the scores are used in the selection process Differences between males and females in abilities (e.g., knowledge of mathematics) may negatively impact the scores of female applicants. ( V.Joosten,2005) (C.Jackson,1996) To see the examples of this test see Appendix 2. 2. Semi-Structured Interviews: These interviews follow a predetermined and standardized list of questions. These questions are not asked in the same way in same order to all the participants because these questions are difficult to clarify (Schwarz, 1999). According o Burns (1997), the problem of validity is acknowledged as inconsequential, if the informant’s behavior is congruent with their perception of reality. It is very time-consuming because interviewer needs to record it in written form. Moreover, the data reliability is very low because it is difficult to compare the responses between the respondents. Interviewees give too much information in it which is in depth and useless. Recording information could be very difficult because to write the information is time-consuming and if interview is recorded then candidates may not feel comfortable and give only limited information. (ML.Mitchell and J.Jolley,2009) and (A.Edwards and J.Skinner, 2009) Proposal: To                                                                                              11April,2011 The CEO Elgin Pharmaceutical Edinburgh. Respected Madam, On the basis of this analysis, as an HR manager I am making a proposal for the recruitment and selection for the child care and development staff as follows: As Mullins (2010, p 485) ‘If the HRM function is to remain effective, there must be consistently good levels of teamwork, plus ongoing co-operation and consultation between line managers and the HR manager.’ This is most definitely the case in recruitment and selection as specialist HR managers (or even external consultants) can be an important repository of up-to-date knowledge and skills, For example on the important legal dimensions of this area. (www.cipd.co.uk)                                                             Pre-recruitment activity fig. 2                                                          (S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge,2006) The first step in pre-recruitment is: 1. Establishing evidence case for recruitment: Whenever there is a vacancy appears, there is only the opportunity for recruitment and evidence case should be developed before proceeding (ACAS, 2004). As Plumbley (1991), ‘every vacancy presents management with an opportunity to rethink the structure of the organization and the allocation of duties. There are some substitutes for recruitment when any position is vacant and more questions can be discussed like; a)    Do the workload predictions justify recruitment? b)    Is the impact of vacancy short, long or medium? c)     How does the recruitment proposal fit with diversity objectives? d)    Does he filling of any vacancy integrate with the human resource plan? (S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge,2006) 2. Job Analysis: Job analysis can be done by survey inside the company and outside the company: 1. Internal survey: The internal survey can be done through distributing the questionnaires in the office staff so that company can gather the information how many employees have children and age of their children. Because 70percent of female employees. 2. External survey: This survey can be done by gathering information by selecting few samples from the companies/organizations related to child care. Because he company is setting up the new company crà ¨che which is totally different from the previous business. So it will be helpful for the company to start their organization by gathering information from various sources. This survey could be done by questionnaire sent to the different companies. For sample of this external survey see appendix3 Another main step for job analysis is job description: Job description is clearly stated what are the responsibilities and duties of the employees. For further detail of job description see appendix. Job description for the child care and development centre is given below: For the day care nursery company has already make the structure of job description that they total 11 staff vacancies are there for 30 infants and Pre School children. Staffing ratio is already set as follows: For nursery (0-1yr) there are 10 places for infants as well as 4 vacancies for staff [1staff member for 3 babies and 1 cover] For preschool (2-4yr) there are 20 places as well as 7 vacancies for staff [1 staff member for 4 children and 2 covers] There should be hourly wage rate for the employees including full-time and part-time work. The minimum wage rate is  £5.93. Sample of job description is given in appendix4 Person Specification: Qualification: NVQ level 3 Experience: relevant experience with young children Knowledge: health and safety Child development Security Skills: Team working Creative ability Communication skills (red-balloon.co.uk/redBalloonSite/career/perSpecifications.htm) For sample of job specification see appendix5 3. Labour Market Assessment: It means to provide better understanding of employees and labour supply in the relevant organizations.  In relation to the six equality â€Å"strands†of: ethnicity, disability, age, gender, sexual orientation and religion and belief. A labour market is the identified pool of potential employees from which it is possible to attract candidates of the required caliber for a specified job. A shortage of labour market increases the labour supply demand giving more authority to the candidates. In terms of strategy, a shortage labour market needs a more nurturing recruitment and selection system, and a surplus labour market needs more targeted approach (Walsh, 1992). Due to the remarkable growth of the company as ‘employer of the choice’, more candidates want to do the job with this company. (S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge,2006) The second step is Recruitment: The company is using recruitment system which is very old, but it is very essential and useful for the company. But company was using these methods for pharmaceutical branch. Whereas, it needs to adapt some other appropriate recruitment methods for child care workers and nursery nurses, to attract more people for the job, therefore, some new methods are added in this proposal as follows: Company should use advertisement method as ‘wide trawl’ to attract large pool of candidates because if there will be large number of candidates company will have more choice to select right candidate for right job with essential skills. Local newspaper is very cost effective method to use as a source of advertisement. Moreover, it is affordable and easily accessible by the people. The other method for advertisement is local shops; company can recommend these local shops to do advertisement for them. School libraries and notice boards are also very useful because most of the people can see the ad and it is free of cost. However students will also motivate towards this career. Job Centres are good source of advertisement. It is also cost effective and not very time-consuming. Word of mouth is more reliable and free of cost advertisement source. The Third step is Selection: After getting number of responses for the job/vacancies the next step is selection. It includes various parts like: Candidates fill the application forms to give an idea about their family and education background. To see the sample of application form for recruitment see appendix There is interview method to select the candidates : Structured interviews Telephone interviews The candidates have to give their bio data as well along with the application form, though its ‘hard copy’ or ‘soft copy’. The main important for child care job to have the enhanced CRB check. It is mostly used for international candidates. It is necessary to check the background of the candidate to make sure that other people have full safety and security. The candidates should have relevant experience in child care, because it is very crucial matter for parents to send their child under experienced or non-experienced person. The candidates when selected have to provide minimum two references: one should be personal and other should be business references (related to the previous job). Last but not the least; candidates should have the work permit. It will show the approval of government to work in any other country or in the home country. S.No. Recruitment Methods S.No. Selection Methods 1. Advertisements 1 Application Forms 1.0 Newspapers 2 Structured Interviews 1.1 Local Shops 3 Telephone Interviews 1.2 Libraries 4 Bio Data 1.3 Community Centers 5 CRB Checks 1.4 School Notice boards 6 Experience 1.5 Job Centre 7 References 1.6 Word of Mouth 8 Work Permit education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/RB409.pdf  Conclusion: After analyzing Recruitment and Selection process, the issues were highlighted: There are fewer methods of recruitment and selection used in the report, which are in use from a long period of time. Therefore the scope of recruitment and selection is very limited. Company used waiting list method for recruitment, but it is not beneficial for the company because if candidates are in waiting list, it could be time-consuming and lengthy process. Moreover, it will restrict candidates not to work anywhere else or they will lose this job. There was not specific method for job description and person specification. In this case study only number of vacancies and role is given but other necessary things like CRB check, Experience, Pay scale is not given. The survey conducting by the company inside and outside the organization give results of female employees, their children etc. The company is setting up crà ¨che and child development centre with limited number of seats. Therefore, other people who don’t get chance to take that opportunity will feel disappoint or become demotivated. The proposal proposed to CEO of the company will help to recruit new highly skilled employees with appropriate method of recruitment and selection process. Hence, company strategy will also change accordingly. Action Plan: Task Responsibility Time period Cost Promotion and marketing of Childcare Advertising and marketing manager September, 2011  £6700 Recruitment of child care workers Recruitment manager November, 2011 12,900 Training Training Manager October, 2011  £58,300 Transport HR Manager December, 2011  £12,300 Child care Voucher Scheme HR Manager December, 2011 5,700 Total:                      95,900 References: vidyalankar.org/files/sample_paper_ntse.pdf red-balloon.co.uk/redBalloonSite/career/perSpecifications.htm bath.ac.uk/personnel/further-parts/06-466R-IG.htm education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/RB409.pdf C.Jackson, Understanding Psychological Testing, 1996 (Pg. 45-46) K Aswathappa, Human Resource and Personnel Management, 2007 ed.4th (pg. 132) www.hr-guide.com/data/G314.htm V.Joosten, Preparing for career selection tests: Numeracy General Ability, 2005 ed. 3rd (pg. 19-20) M.L.Mitchell and J.Jolley, Research Design Explained, 2009 (Pg. 277) A.Edwards and J.Skinner, Qualitative Research in Sport Management, 2009 (pg. 107) www.shetland.gov.uk/policy/documents/ShetChildcareStrategy.doc, (pg. 53 and V) S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge, People Resourcing- Contemporary HRM in practice, 2006, (pg. 156) S.Pilbeam and M.Corbridge, People Resourcing- Contemporary HRM in practice, 2006, (pg. 146,149,150)  Appendix: Appendix 1: Company Background Elgin pharmaceutical is the very successful and profitable manufacturing company in Edinburgh. There are approximately 600 employees are working in which 70percent are female. This company is using same organization policies from last 40 years and their reputation also enhanced. People want to work with this company desperately because of its popularity, it is also known as ‘employer of choice’. In this company employee wastage level is very low therefore vacancies list is always given in the waiting list. Where employees have an opportunity to work with this company. The new CEO comes in the company and she thought of employee welfare and wants to set up a crà ¨che and child development centre. There are 30 seats for infants and children of employees who are working with his company. This company needs to recruit suitable staff for crà ¨che and child care. Therefore, they provide job description and person specification related to the vacancies. Due to high reputation company can easily attract large pool of candidates to apply for this job. Appendix 2: SECTI ON I : GENERAL MENTAL ABI LI TY TEST ( G. M. A. T. ) SAMPLE PAPER 1. i) A 2 B means A is a mother of B. ii) A 4 B means A is the brother of B. iii) A 5 B means A is the daughter of B. iv) A 9 B means A is the husband of B. Which of the following expression shows the relation that ‘K’ is Mother−in−Law of ‘M’ ? 1) M 9 N 2 K 4 I  2) M 9 N 5 K 2 J 3) K 5 J 9 M 2 N  4) K 2 J 9 N 4 M Directions : 2 − 6 : Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below. i) Six authors P, Q, R, S, T and U, each one has written books on six different subjects viz. Physics, Chemistry,  Psychology, Sociology, Political science Economics but not necessarily in the same order. These books are kept in a pile but not necessary in the given order. ii) The book of Physics is written by ‘Q’ and it  is kept below the book of Psychology. The book of Chemistry is written by ‘R’ and it is kept just below the book of Sociology which is not on the top. The book of Political science is kept between the book of Chemistry and Economics. The book written by ‘U’ is not at the bottom. The book written by ‘P’ is on the top. The book of Sociology is not written by ‘S’ or ‘U’. 2. Who wrote the book of Political Science ? 1) S        2) T 3) Data inadequate 4) None of these 3. Who wrote the book which is kept at the bottom? 1) R               2) Q 3) S       4) T 4. Which of the following combination of ‘Subject’ − ‘Author’ − ‘Position from the top’ is not correct ? 1) Physics − Q − Third 2) Political Science − U − Fifth 3) Economics − S − Sixth 4) Psychology − P − First 5. The book of which of the following subject is kept on the top ? 1) Chemistry 2) Psychology 3) Political Science 4) Either psychology or chemistry 6. What is the position of the chemistry book from the top ? 1) Second     2) Fifth 3) Third      4) Fourth Direction : 7 − 9 : Find the odd one out from the given alternatives. 7. 1) Eagle      2) Cock 3) Crow      4) Parrot 8. 1) PKJQ      2) RIGT 3) WDBY     4) SHFU 9. Find the missing number from the given response 31 17 58 87 68 19 61 56 91 22 70 50 10 142 11 ? 1) 6       2) 7 3) 3       4) 9 10. If 34 ⊕ 21 = 20 and 69 ⊕ 35 = 46, then 31 ⊕ 29 = ? 1) 35       2) 30 3) 45       4) 64 Section I ends here. SECTION II : SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST (S.A.T.) SAMPLE PAPER 1. Internal and external surface of a calorimeter are polished. Why? 1) It looks attractive. 2) It prevents rusting by loosing contact with the air. 3) It prevents transfer of heat due to conduction. 4) It prevents transfer of heat due to radiation 2.  What does a pyrometer measure? 1) High altitude 2) Pressure 3) High temperature 4) The radiant energy 3. Which of the following is not a fundamental physical quantity? 1) Length    2) Pressure 3) Time     4) Mass 4. Which of the following metals react with dilute acids? 1) Copper   2) Gold 3) Silver   4) Calcium 5. Which of the following food components can be absorbed in the alimentary canal without undergoing digestion? 1) Proteins.   2) Lipids 3) Cane sugar  4) Vitamins. 6. Srivijaya was a famous ancient Indian kingdom in _____. 1) Myanmar   2) Kampuchea 3) Thailand   4) Indonesia 7. Guru Tegh Bahadur was the ____Guru of the Sikhs 1) Second    2) Eighth 3) Ninth    4) Tenth. 8. Sun is a gaseous body it is mainly made up of _________ 1) Carbon dioxide and hydrogen 2) Hydrogen and Helium 3) Hydrogen and Oxygen 4) Helium and Nitrogen. 9. The factors of ( ) 4 x 4 + are : 1) ( ) 2 2 x 2 + 2) ( ) ( ) 2 2 x 2x 2 x 2x 2 + + − + 3) ( ) ( ) 2 2 x 2 x 2 + − 4) None of these 10. If 3 chairs and 2 tubes cost Rs.1200 and 5 chairs and 3 tubes cost Rs.1900, then the cost of 2 chairs and 2 tubes (in Rs.) is : 1) 700 2) 900 3) 1000 4) 1100 Section II ends here.   Appendix 3: 1.  Which country do you presently live in? ☠ Canada ☠ Other 2.  How many children age 6 or under live in your household? ☠ 0 ☠ 1 ☠ 2 ☠ 3 ☠ 4 ☠ 5 ☠ 6 or more 3.  In your opinion, at what age are children ready to be cared for on a regular basis by adults other than their parents ☠ No minimum age - it’s alright even for the smallest babies ☠ 6 months ☠ 1 year ☠ 1  ½ years ☠ 2 years ☠ 2  ½ years ☠ 3 years ☠ 4 years ☠ 5 years or older ☠ Don’t know 4.  What kinds of child care arrangements – full-time or part-time (including before- or after-school care) are you currently using for the child(ren) age 6 and under living in your home? (Check all that apply) Full-time Part-time One parent is a stay-at-home caregiver ☠☠Off-shifting, where parents work or attend school at alternate times and share care responsibilities ☠☠Care by a relative (either in your home, or in a relative’s home) ☠☠Nanny ☠☠Regular babysitter providing care in your home ☠☠Child care centre ☠☠Nursery school or pre-school program (other than child care centre) ☠☠Home daycare provider ☠☠[Asked only to those who mentioned that they use a home daycare provider in Q4] 5. You have indicated that you are currently using a home daycare provider to care for your child(ren). Please tell us whether this caregiver is: ☠ Licensed ☠ Unlicensed ☠ Not sure 6. Have you faced, or are currently facing, any problems or challenges with either finding or maintaining your child care arrangements? ☠ Yes ☠ No [Asked only to those who answered ‘Yes’ in Q6] 7. What are/were the problems or challenges that you have faced, or are currently facing, with your child care arrangements? (Check all that apply) ☠ Lack of accessible information on care options in my community ☠ Difficulties finding a full-time space at a licensed child care centre ☠ Difficulties finding a part-time space at licensed child care centre ☠ Difficulties finding a home daycare provider ☠ Difficulties finding a space/caregiver in a convenient location ☠ Difficulties finding child care for the hours I required (i.e. outside normal working hours) ☠ Difficulties finding a nanny ☠ Difficulties finding care for a child with special needs ☠ Difficulties finding any type of care ☠ High cost of care ☠ Could not afford to stay home ☠ Stayed home, but found it a financial struggle ☠ Concerns about the quality of care ☠ My child had trouble adjusting to child care setting 8. You mentioned that you are using the following types of childcare: (list of options chosen in Q4). To what degree are you satisfied with the overall quality of your current child care arrangements? ☠ Very satisfied ☠ Somewhat satisfied ☠ Not very satisfied ☠ Very dissatisfied 9.  Listed below are possible components of a comprehensive government child care policy. Which of these are most important to you? You can select up to four options ☠ Funding to create more child care spaces ☠ Funding to reduce fees for all families using licensed child care ☠ Funding to reduce fees for lower income families using licensed child care ☠ Funding to improve quality of child care (e.g. training, lower staff/child ratios) ☠ Funding to increase availability of part-time licensed child care ☠ Direct payments to all parents of children six or under, regardless of child care arrangement or income ☠ Increased tax breaks or credits for all parents of children six or under ☠ Tax breaks or credits specifically for parents who stay home to raise their children ☠ Legislation that would require all home-based caregivers to be licensed and regulated ☠ Legislation that would require employers to allow parents of young children to work part time, or have more flexible work schedules ☠ Legislation that would increase the length of maternity and parental leave 10.  Would you be willing to pay higher taxes to enable the government to invest in some form of national child care program? ☠ Yes ☠ No 11.  Child care is just one of many issues facing Canadians and their government. Please rank the following issues in the order of their importance to you (i.e. the issue that should get highest priority in terms of government action and investment should be ranked #1; and that with the lowest priority should be ranked #5). ___ Health care ___ Defense/National security ___ Environment ___ Higher education ___ Child care 12.  To what degree does a political party’s stand on child care influence your decision to vote for that party’s candidate? ☠ Strongly influences – determines my vote ☠ Somewhat influences – can tip my vote in favour or in opposition ☠ Has little or no influence – child care is not an election issue for me 13.  What province/territory do you live in? ☠ Alberta ☠ British Columbia ☠ Manitoba ☠ Newfoundland ☠ New Brunswick ☠ Northwest Territories ☠ Nova Scotia ☠ Nunavut ☠ Ontario ☠ Prince Edward Island ☠ Quebec ☠ Saskatchewan ☠ Yukon 14. What is the size of the population of the city or town where you live? ☠ 1,000,000+ ☠ 500,000 – 999,999 ☠ 100,000 – 499,999 ☠ 30,000 – 99,999 ☠ 10,000 – 29,999 ☠ 1,000 – 9,999 ☠ Under 1,000 and rural 15.  Please tell us your primary employment status at this time ☠ Employed full-time ☠ Employed part-time ☠ Parenting at home ☠ Self-employed full-time ☠ Self-employed part-time ☠ On maternity/parental leave ☠ Studying (with or without part-time job) ☠ No paid employment ☠ Retired 16.  What is your family’s structure? ☠ Married or common-law couple ☠ Divorced or separated, and primary caregiver for one or more child ☠ Divorced or separated, but not primary caregiver for children ☠ Single/lone parent 17.  What is your total annual household income? ☠ Less than $16,000 ☠ $16,000 $19,999 ☠ $20,000 $29,999 ☠ $30,000 $49,999 ☠ $50,000 $74,999 ☠ $75,000 $99,999 ☠ More than $100,000 18.  Is there anything else that you would like to share with Today’s Parent with respect to your views on child care?
Saturday, November 23, 2019
The Astronomical vs. Meteorological Seasons
The Astronomical vs. Meteorological Seasons If someone asked you when each of the seasons occurs, how would you respond? Your answer may depend on whether you think of the seasons in a more traditional, or a more weather-related way. Astronomical Seasons Change at the Equinoxes and Solstices The astronomical seasons are the ones most of us are familiar with because their start dates are listed on our calendars. Theyre called astronomical because, like our calendar, the dates of their occurrence are based on the position of Earth in relation to the sun. In the Northern Hemisphere: Astronomical winter is a result of Earths north pole being tilted its farthest away from the sun, and the suns light aiming directly at southern latitudes. It begins on December 21-22. Astronomical spring is a result of Earths north pole tilt moving from its maximum lean away from the sun to one equidistant from the sun, and of the suns light aiming directly at the equator. It begins on March 21-22. Astronomical summer is a result of Earth being tilted its farthest towards the sun, and the suns light aiming directly at north latitudes. It begins on June 20-21.Astronomical fall is a result of Earths tilt moving from its maximum lean towards the sun to one equidistant from the sun, and of the suns light aiming directly at the equator. It begins on September 21-22. Meteorological Seasons Change Every 3 Months Another way to define the seasons is by grouping the twelve calendar months into four 3-month periods based on similar temperatures. In the Northern Hemisphere: Meteorological winter begins on December 1. It includes the months of December, January, and February (DJF)Meteorological spring begins on March 1 and includes the months of March, April, and May (MAM).Meteorological summer begins on June 1. It includes the months of June, July, and August (JJA).Meteorological fall begins on September 1 and includes the months of September, October, and November (SON). Meteorologists didnt implement this classification just for the heck of it. Rather, they prefer to deal with data from whole rather than fractions of months, and align calendar dates more closely with the temperatures felt during that period, the scheme (which has been around since the early- to mid-1900s) allows weather scientists to more easily compare weather patterns from one season to another something the astronomical convention makes cumbersome due to seasonal lag (the delay in seasonal temperatures settling in). Which Set of Seasons Wins Out? The astronomical seasons are the more traditional way of defining our four seasons. Although folks may not be used to the meteorological way, in a lot of ways its the more natural scheme for how we live our lives today. Gone are the days when we pore over the happenings of the celestial heavens and organize our lives accordingly. But organizing our lives around months and similar stretches of temperatures is more true to our modern reality.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
The nurses responsabilties in prevention of medication errors Research Paper
The nurses responsabilties in prevention of medication errors - Research Paper Example Based on individual and systematic approach medication errors are grouped into two i.e. active errors that result from non compliance with the procedure and latent errors that emerge from problems within the system environment or structure. It has been noted that latent errors pose the greatest risk to patient safety in comparison to active errors. Medication errors though can not be completely phased out; their frequency of occurrence can be reduced by the nurses’ responsibilities in prevention of medication errors through; Acknowledgment of error, right measures in medicine administration, proper calculation of dose and healthcare management. Nurses’ unique position in reverence to patient proximity and healthcare delivery facilities put on them roles and responsibilities that address medication errors, which result to patient safety Acknowledging and Reporting Errors Medication errors can not addressed if they are not identified and reported, (Friesen M.A., Farquhar M.B. &. Hughes R, 2005), medication errors are often underreported, this may be due to burdensome documentation requirement in the process, unclear medication errors requirement without adverse implication, inability to report errors and also perception that reporting medication errors would not influence any changes (Friesen M.A, Farquhar M.B & Hughes R, 2005). Failure to recognize and report medication errors impedes effort to acknowledge errors hence no response toward errors that have occurred. Medication Preparation and Administration Nurses have roles to play toward medicine preparation and administration to the patient which is a medication safety measure requirement that translate to reduction of medication errors. (Athanasakis E, 2012) Medication preparation and administration measures involve safe environment insurance for the purpose of medication preparation; this can be achieved through labels or reminders that discourage interruption and also enhance concentration in t he process, e.g. â€Å"DO NOT INTERRUPT†signpost labels (Athanasakis E, 2012). Imposing double checking of medication by separate nurses should be mandatory, especially in medication that involves high risk of adverse effect (Athanasakis E, 2012). Nurses should implement five right rules that encompass (right medication, right dose, right route, right time, and right patient) in medication preparation and administration (Athanasakis E, 2012). In addition, nurses should ensure apparent medication separation either by color or name and appropriate labeling, administration of medication once prepared and counter checking to ensure the medication is being administered to the right patient (Athanasakis E, 2012). Dose Calculation Skills and Nursing Education As Athanasakis E point out, â€Å"In a study, to assess unsafe events for patients, found that 56% of Unsafe events related to medication errors and 20% of those associated with lack of nursing student skills.†(Athanas akis E, 2012, p. 776). Yet most nurses believe that what they knew about dose calculation is sufficient (Athanasakis E, 2012); hence dose calculation skills remain to be the nurses responsibilities in prevention of medication errors this can be address through continuous nursing education. Measures Concerning Nursing Head Administrator Nurses’ administrators have fundamental roles and responsibilities of management of
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3
International business - Essay Example Partly, this may be because not all those who use the term distinguish it clearly enough from the popular notion of internationalization. Some writers, in fact, use the two terms interchangeably (Ibid.). Literature shows there is no single agreed definition of globalisation, but that it may be the concept of the 1990s. According to Sklair’s (1999) research, its importance is much exaggerated, but most books suggest it is an idea whose time has come. To sort out all these ideas, globalisation as a concept makes use of Sklair’s (1999) taxonomy of perceiving globalisation in this paper towards the end. Each model is briefly discussed and analyzed from the point of view of sociology. The discussion tapers with a summary of these models, and as presented by Sklair (1999) makes note that they are dominated by European European-North American literature devoid of views from Asia. However, these are only done after discussions in light of how globalisation as a phenomenon has prevailed in the new millennium. What follows are how globalisation has visited the new millennium politically, economically, socially or otherwise. Globalisation, interpreted as global economic integration, is argued, as not being recent since there have been periods of globalisation over many centuries. (IPS, n.d.) It is only that there is now the increasing speed of movement of goods and services, people, capital and technology being experienced around the world. Specifically globalisation in the new millennium is marked by accelerated reduction in transport and communication costs, greater international specialization because of liberalization of trade, increasing trade in services due to the digital revolution, and increasing integration of major emerging markets into the world economy. (IPS, n.d.) . Politically, Macedo (n.d.) would add, the increasing alignment of cultural standards and standards of consumption; the weakening of
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Clarion Boys Case Essay Example for Free
Clarion Boys Case Essay One problem in the Clarion School for Boys case is that employees did not have enough training on the system. On the survey taken, most employees responded that they were dissatisfied with the training they had received and most had training of only 1-3 hours. Since there was little training given on the system, the users were uncomfortable using it. It seemed that if they could not figure something out, they would give up and go back to doing it the old way. The bookkeeper commented, â€Å"I have been trying to finish this month’s books for the last two days, but I am having the same problems as last month. The accounts receivable software program is still giving me difficulties. I think I’ll just do them by hand this month.†When the system was first installed, the staff was excited about it but as time passed and there was no learning progression of the system, people became bored with it and stopped using it as much. Another comment made by the education supervisor was, â€Å"There was a lot of initial excitement about e-mail, but I haven’t heard much about it since then. I know I’ve been too busy to lean it myself, and I missed the training sessions because of other meetings.†I personally worked with a company where a new system was implemented and because of the lack of training and tutorials, there were major problems. For months the system was incorrect, causing many hours of overtime as well as many mess ups that had to be corrected. Familiar to this case, there was not a plan of action nor any goals set or a timeline for certain projects to be mastered. There was a lack of training causing the staff to have little confidence in their abilities to work the system. This problem falls under strategic planning. One component of strategic planning is training. Under strategic planning, the employees should be encouraged to be active in the system. They should be encouraged through training programs and help sessions. The team should establish goals and time lines of what they want to have accomplished by a specific date. In this case, there was not a formal plan or measures set. They were not able to judge how they were doing because they did not make a strategic plan to begin. I think this is a minor problem. I think the major problem is that once the system was implemented, there was no enforcement created. It seemed that the users did not want to get out of their comfort zone and learn something new. There was not much communication at the beginning and everyone seemed to be doing their own thing.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Light in August by William Faulkner Essay -- Light August william Faul
Light in August by William Faulkner Light in August, a novel written by the well-known author, William Faulkner, can definitely be interpreted in many ways. However, one fairly obvious prospective is through a religious standpoint. It is difficult, nearly impossible, to construe Light in August without noting the Christian parallels. Faulkner gives us proof that a Christian symbolic interpretation is valid. Certain facts of these parallels are inescapable and there are many guideposts to this idea. For instance, there is Joe Christmas, one of the main characters in the novel. His initials are J.C., which can be an acronym for the name Jesus Christ. There is the fact of his uncertain paternity and his appearance at the orphanage on Christmas day, as well. Joe is approximately thirty-three years of age at his lynching; This event is prepared for throughout Light in August by Faulkner’s constant use of the word crucifixion. Also, there are many more convincing Christian symbolisms that seem to have lead readers to believe that William Faulkner arranged his events and directed his themes to parallel the twenty-one chapters of the St. John Gospel. These religious symbols, however, stray from the text of Light in August and seek to unify the novel through biblical allusions alone. They attempt to answer the questions of how Light in August functions as a work of literature by avoiding the novel itself. Because of this, they each fall short of being an exact interpretation of the novel. Still, the Christian parallels cannot be ignored and must function for some firm purpose in this novel. If Light in August has enough surfaces corresponding to warrant the claim of a direct parallel in both theme and action to the Gospel of John, then where is the crucifix, the most important symbol of Christianity? This significant tool should be in a book with such religious relevance. The important symbol was not left out, however; they were only distorted to a degree. Faulkner may have been giving a clue to the way in which he distorted the crucifix. For example, wood imagery is relevant in this case. There are several wood mills: Doane’s Mill, and then the planing mill in Jefferson. Lena asks Byron Bunch, â€Å"Is there another planing mill?†Byron replies, â€Å"No, ma’am. There are some sawmills, a right smart of them, though†. Faulkner may have been alerting his audie... ...not been a part of Christmas’ â€Å"wooden world†, now rides with a furniture repairman. Typically, Lena’s narration does not call attention to poles or posts of any kind. It is only after Christmas is dead that Lena notices the cross-like images. This would seem to suggest not only that she is perhaps a Virgin Mary figure carrying a Christ figure inside her, but also that she herself is the resurrect â€Å"life†after Christ’s (Christmas’) crucifixion. It seems highly possible in a novel that distorts the Crucifix that the process of Christ’s death and resurrection could also be distorted. Ironically, however, Lena exists at the same time with Christmas, but never meets him because within the context of the New Testament, resurrection comes only after death. In turn, Lena and Christmas never meet because it would be illogical for the Virgin Mary figure to meet her baby while she is carrying her baby. All of these characters’ narrations, which can appear incoherent, are, connected through the distorted image of the wooden cross. The posts and other symbols link Christmas and the Testaments together. Light in August functions as a fluid novel though structured distortion of the Gospels. Light in August by William Faulkner Essay -- Light August william Faul Light in August by William Faulkner Light in August, a novel written by the well-known author, William Faulkner, can definitely be interpreted in many ways. However, one fairly obvious prospective is through a religious standpoint. It is difficult, nearly impossible, to construe Light in August without noting the Christian parallels. Faulkner gives us proof that a Christian symbolic interpretation is valid. Certain facts of these parallels are inescapable and there are many guideposts to this idea. For instance, there is Joe Christmas, one of the main characters in the novel. His initials are J.C., which can be an acronym for the name Jesus Christ. There is the fact of his uncertain paternity and his appearance at the orphanage on Christmas day, as well. Joe is approximately thirty-three years of age at his lynching; This event is prepared for throughout Light in August by Faulkner’s constant use of the word crucifixion. Also, there are many more convincing Christian symbolisms that seem to have lead readers to believe that William Faulkner arranged his events and directed his themes to parallel the twenty-one chapters of the St. John Gospel. These religious symbols, however, stray from the text of Light in August and seek to unify the novel through biblical allusions alone. They attempt to answer the questions of how Light in August functions as a work of literature by avoiding the novel itself. Because of this, they each fall short of being an exact interpretation of the novel. Still, the Christian parallels cannot be ignored and must function for some firm purpose in this novel. If Light in August has enough surfaces corresponding to warrant the claim of a direct parallel in both theme and action to the Gospel of John, then where is the crucifix, the most important symbol of Christianity? This significant tool should be in a book with such religious relevance. The important symbol was not left out, however; they were only distorted to a degree. Faulkner may have been giving a clue to the way in which he distorted the crucifix. For example, wood imagery is relevant in this case. There are several wood mills: Doane’s Mill, and then the planing mill in Jefferson. Lena asks Byron Bunch, â€Å"Is there another planing mill?†Byron replies, â€Å"No, ma’am. There are some sawmills, a right smart of them, though†. Faulkner may have been alerting his audie... ...not been a part of Christmas’ â€Å"wooden world†, now rides with a furniture repairman. Typically, Lena’s narration does not call attention to poles or posts of any kind. It is only after Christmas is dead that Lena notices the cross-like images. This would seem to suggest not only that she is perhaps a Virgin Mary figure carrying a Christ figure inside her, but also that she herself is the resurrect â€Å"life†after Christ’s (Christmas’) crucifixion. It seems highly possible in a novel that distorts the Crucifix that the process of Christ’s death and resurrection could also be distorted. Ironically, however, Lena exists at the same time with Christmas, but never meets him because within the context of the New Testament, resurrection comes only after death. In turn, Lena and Christmas never meet because it would be illogical for the Virgin Mary figure to meet her baby while she is carrying her baby. All of these characters’ narrations, which can appear incoherent, are, connected through the distorted image of the wooden cross. The posts and other symbols link Christmas and the Testaments together. Light in August functions as a fluid novel though structured distortion of the Gospels.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Branches of Philosophy Essay
In order to narrow the aims of discussion philosophy was broken into branches. Traditionally philosophy has been broken into four main branches; however we would like to add a fifth branch in our text -Epistemology Epistemology, from the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos (word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge and love. -Metaphysics Metaphysics (derived from the Greek words â€Å"ta meta ta physika biblia†) – meaning ‘the book that follows the physics book’. It was the way students referred to a specific book in the works of Aristotle, and it was a book on First Philosophy. (The assumption that the word means â€Å"beyond physics†is misleading) Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of â€Å"first principles†and â€Å"being†(ontology). In other words, Metaphysics is the study of the most general aspects of reality, such as substance, identity, the nature of the mind, and free will. In other way is a study of nature and the nature of the world in which man lives -Logic Logic (from Classical Greek (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, but coming to mean thought or reason) is most often said to be the study of arguments, although the exact definition of logic is a matter of controversy amongst philosophers (see below). However the subject is grounded, the task of the logician is the same: to advance an account of valid and fallacious inference to allow one to distinguish good from bad arguments. -Ethics Ethics is a general term for what is often described as the â€Å"science (study) of morality†. In philosophy, ethical behavior is that which is â€Å"good†or â€Å"right. †The Western tradition of ethics is sometimes called moral philosophy. Other Branches Philosophy of Education: Fairly self-explanatory. A minor branch, mainly concerned with what is the correct way to educate a person. Classic works include Plato’s Republic, Locke’s Thoughts Concerning Education, and Rousseau’s Emile. Philosophy of History: Fairly minor branch (not as minor as education), although highly important to Hegel and those who followed him, most notably Marx. It is the philosophical study of history, particularly concerned with the question whether history (i. e.the universe and/or humankind) is progressing towards a specific end? Hegel argued that it was, as did Marx. Classic works include Vico’s New Science, and Hegel and Marx’s works. Philosophy of Language: Ancient branch of philosophy which gained prominence in the last century under Wittgenstein. Basically concerned with how our languages affect our thought. Wittgenstein famously asserted that the limits of our languages mark the limits of our thought. Classic works include Plato’s Cratylus, Locke’s Essay, and Wittgenstein’s Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Philosophy of Law: Also called Jurisprudence. Study of law attempting to discern what the best laws might be, how laws came into being in the first place, attempting to delimit human laws from natural laws, whether we should always obey the law, and so on. Law isn’t often directly dealt with by philosophers, but much of political philosophy obviously has a bearing on it. Philosophy of Mathematics: Concerned with issues such as, the nature of the axioms and symbols (numbers, triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to understand the world, do perfect mathematical forms exist in the real world, and so on. Principia Mathematica is almost certainly the most important work in this field. Philosophy of Mind: Study of the mind, attempting to ascertain exactly what the mind is, how it interacts with our body, do other minds exist, how does it work, and so on. Probably the most popular branch of philosophy right now, it has expanded to include issues of AI. Classic works include Plato’s Republic and Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations, although every major philosopher has had some opinion at least on what the mind is and how it works. Philosophy of Politics: Closely related to ethics, this is a study of government and nations, particularly how they came about, what makes good governments, what obligations citizens have towards their government, and so on. Classic works include Plato’s Republic, Hobbes’ Leviathan, Locke’s Two Treatises, and J. S. Mill’s On Liberty. Philosophy of Religion: Theology is concerned with the study of God, recommending the best religious practises, how our religion should shape our life, and so on. Philosophy of religion is concerned with much the same issues, but where Theology uses religious works, like the Bible, as it’s authority, philosophy likes to use reason as the ultimate authority. Philosophy of Science: Study of science concerned with whether scientific knowledge can be said to be certain, how we obtain it, can science really explain everything, does causation really exist, can every event in the universe be described in terms of physics and so on. Also popular in recent times, classic works include Hume’s Treatise on Human Nature, Kripke’s Naming and Necessity, Kuhn’s Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Empiricism is a philosophical idea based on the idea that all reliable knowledge about the world is gained in the process of experience. Famous empiricists were Hume, Locke and Berkley, basing themselves on ideas already postulated by Aristotle, that we are born with the Tabula Rasa which receives throughout our lives information on which it can base all thinking and knowing. The movement of empiricism was in part a countermovement to what Descartes and Spinoza had proposed as rationalism. Knowledge derived from experience is called a posteriori. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Doing Philosophy Many fields can be studied and learned without ever actually working with the tools in the field. For instance, chemistry can be learned in depth without ever picking up a test tube or mixing ionic compounds. Philosophy, however, is more about the methodology behind deriving answers than it is about the answers themselves. As such, students studying philosophy must use the methodology of philosophy on the philosophy they are learning as they are learning it. Doing philosophy involves asking the right questions, critically examining the work of previous philosophers, truly understanding the works and the reasoning behind the works, and possibly building on the works of previous philosophers by expanding or testing this methodology.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
My Scary Experience
Seven months ago, in Pan Rang, Vietnam I took a scary experience for a herd of mice at my house. Those happened with my mother, my sister and me. First, my mother, young sister and I heard noises above the ceiling and the kitchen. Then, we were finding them, and I discovered the black chits on the corners, floors and in the pans in kitchen. Moreover, my little sister found a pink baby mouse lying on the toilet, and she said that:†It's so cute†. That which I couldn't stand and I felt them really terrible. We told our mother and cleaned all of them.Next, in the morning, my little sister and I set the mouse traps and glue- boards in the corners around inside house, at holes in front of the door and on the cooking- stove. However, we thought the difficulty things to catch all of them that mice living on the ceiling, and they moved down on the pipes. Also, they went on the walls and went down many different ways. On the other hand, mice were the smart animals so we were hard to deal with them. In addition, my mother saw a lot of mice In the traps and some struggling on the glue- boards.Then, she told my young sister and me put them under sunshine, which made them die, and brought them to the garbage. I wore rubber gloves and I must hold their stomach to take them away glue. If some were alive, I could feel them move and breathe. In fact, I was so scary and seemingly, I could cry right away. That herd of mice was decreased. However, we moved to another house. My mother, my young sister and I absolutely had a scary experience about finding and catching mice but we calmed down and found the good ways to work around. No matter what happens to another, I will be ready to face and derive valuable experience.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Two Film Techniques Used in essays
Two Film Techniques Used in essays The composer of the film, Witness, uses various film techniques to illustrate the contrast between the English world and the Amish way of life. Two techniques that stand out from the rest in this film are the dialogue, and the camera angles from which every scene is taken. The dialogue between the actors is an essential film technique because without it, it would be impossible for the audience to understand the films plot/theme. In this film, the dialogue is used to reveal little details about the Amish way of life, so that even some audiences who are not aware of this group of people will learn something new about the Amish. We discovered that the Amish are different in that they are very religious and they take every word of the Bible literally. We hear Rachel Lapp and Eli telling John Book to adjust to their way of life while he is living with them. We also witness the indifference displayed by the English in the scene where a group of disrespectful teenagers were harassing the Amish. We hear one of the teenagers saying Watch out, hell hit you with a bible. This clearly shows their prejudice towards the Amish. How the actors recite their lines also helps to show the difference between the English and the Amish, we would not hear Rachel or Eli or Samuel swearing or using slang words as they seem to be very proper and honest. Half-body shots are used throughout the film to allow us to generally observe how the Amish act around people from inside and outside their group. From here, we see that the Amish do not believe in violence, they will try as hard as possible to solve any arguments with a possible mutual agreement. Close up shots are used to show the expression of the Amish when they are surprised, happy, etc. These shots are usually followed by half-body shots or full-body shots to reveal what it is that cause them to have such expression o ...
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
The Odyssey Study Guide
The Odyssey Study Guide The Odyssey is an epic poem attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer. Most likely composed in the late 8th century B.C.E., it is the second-oldest-known work in Western literature. (The oldest-known work is Homers Iliad, for which The Odyssey is considered a sequel.) The Odyssey first appeared in English in the 17th century and has been translated more than sixty times. Many of the words and phrases employed by Homer are open to a wide range of interpretation, causing not-insignificant differences between translations. Fast Facts: The Odyssey Title: The OdysseyAuthor: HomerDate Published: Composed during the 8th century B.C.E.Type of Work: PoemGenre: Epic Original Language: Ancient GreekThemes: Spiritual growth, cunning vs. strength, order vs. disorderMajor Characters: Odysseus, Penelope, Telemachus, Athena, Zeus, Poseidon, CalypsoNotable Adaptations: Ulysses by Lord Tennyson (1833), Ithaka by C.P. Cavafy (1911), Ulysses by James Joyce (1922) Plot Summary At the start of The Odyssey, the author addresses the Muse, asking her to tell him about Odysseus, the hero who spent more time traveling back to his Greek home than any other Greek hero at the Trojan War. Odysseus has been kept captive by the goddess Calypso. The other gods, except Poseidon (god of the sea) fell sympathy for Odysseus. Poseidon hates him because he blinded his son, Polyphemus. The goddess Athena, Odysseus’ protector, convinces her father, Zeus, that Odysseus needs assistance. She disguises herself and travels to Greece to meet with Odysseus’ son, Telemachus. Telemachus is unhappy because his home is beset by suitors who want to marry his mother, Penelope, and take over Odysseus throne. With Athenas help, Telemachus sets out to search for his father. He visits other veterans of the Trojan War, and one of his father’s old comrades, Menelaus, tells him that Odysseus is being held by Calypso. Meanwhile, Calypso finally releases Odysseus. Odysseus sets out on a boat, but the vessel is soon destroyed by Poseidon, who harbors a grudge against Odysseus. Odysseus swims to a nearby island where he is warmly greeted by King Alcinous and Queen Arete of the Phaeacians. There, Odysseus recounts the story of his journey. Odysseus explains that he and his companions left Troy on twelve ships. They visited the island of the lotus-eaters and were captured by the cyclops Polyphemus, son of Poseidon. When making an escape, Odysseus blinded Polyphemus, inspiring Poseidons wrath as a result. Next, the men nearly made it home, but were blown off course. They first encountered a cannibal, and then the witch Circe, who turned half of Odysseus men into pigs but spared Odysseus thanks to the protection provided to him by the sympathetic gods. After one year, Odysseus and his men left Circe and reached the edge of the world, where Odysseus summoned spirits for advice and learned of the suitors living in his home. Odysseus and his men made their way past more threats, including the Sirens, a many-headed sea monster, and an enormous whirlpool. Hungry, they ignored warnings and hunted the sacred cattle of the god Helios; as a result, they were punished with yet another shipwreck, stranding Odysseus on Calypsoâ€℠¢s island. After Odysseus tells his story, the Phaeacians help Odysseus disguise himself and travel home at last. Upon returning to Ithaca, Odysseus meets his son Telemachus, and the two men agree that the suitors must be killed. Odysseus wife Penelope arranges for an archery competition, which she has rigged to guarantee Odysseus win. After winning the competition, Odysseus slaughters the suitors and reveals his true identity, which Penelope accepts after putting him through one final trial. Finally, Athena saves Odysseus from the vengeance of the dead suitors families. Major Characters Odysseus. Odysseus, a Greek warrior, is the protagonist of the poem. His journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War is the primary narrative of the poem. He is a somewhat non-traditional hero, as he is known more for his cleverness and cunning than his physical strength. Telemachus. Telemachus, the son of Odysseus, was an infant when his father left Ithaca. In the poem, Telemachus goes on a quest to figure out his fathers whereabouts. He ultimately reunites with his father and helps him kill Penelopes suitors. Penelope. Penelope is the loyal wife of Odysseus and mother of Telemachus. Her cleverness equals that of her husband. During Odysseus 20-year absence, she devises numerous tricks to stave off the suitors who seek to marry her and gain power over Ithaca. Poseidon. Poseidon is the god of the sea. He is angry with Odysseus for blinding his son, the cyclops Polyphemus, and makes various attempts to hinder Odysseus journey home. He can be considered Odysseus primary antagonist. Athena. Athena is the goddess of cunning and intelligent warfare, as well as the crafts (e.g. weaving). She favors Odysseus and his family, and she actively helps Telemachus and advises Penelope. Literary Style As an epic poem written in the 8th century B.C.E., The Odyssey was almost certainly intended to be spoken, not read. It was composed in an ancient form of Greek known as Homeric Greek, a poetic dialect specific to poetic compositions. The poem is composed in dactylic hexameter (sometimes referred to as epic meter). The Odyssey begins in media res, starting off in the middle of the action and providing expository details later. The non-linear plot leaps back and forth in time. The poem employs flashbacks and poems-within-a-poem to fill in these gaps. Another key feature of the poems style is the use of epithets: fixed phrases and adjectives that are often repeated when a characters name is mentioned- e.g. bright-eyed Athena. These epithets serve to remind the reader about the characters most important essential traits. The poem is also notable for its sexual politics in that the plot is driven as much by the decisions made by women as it is by male warriors. In fact, many of the men in the story, like Odysseus and his son Telemachus, are passive and frustrated through much of the story. By contrast, Penelope and Athena take numerous active steps to protect Ithaca and assist Odysseus and his family. About the Author There is some disagreement about Homer’s authorship of The Odysseyï » ¿. Most ancient accounts refer to Homer as a blind poet from Ionia, but todays scholars believe more than one poet worked on what we know today as The Odyssey. Indeed, there is evidence that the final section of the poem was added much later than the previous books. Today, most scholars accept that The Odyssey is the product of several sources that were worked on by several different contributors. Sources â€Å"The Odyssey - Homer - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature.†Oedipus the King - Sophocles - Ancient Greece - Classical Literature, www.ancient-literature.com/greece_homer_odyssey.html.Mason, Wyatt. â€Å"The First Woman to Translate the Odyssey Into English.†The New York Times, The New York Times, 2 Nov. 2017, www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/magazine/the-first-woman-to-translate-the-odyssey-into-english.html.Athens, AFP in. â€Å"Ancient Find May Be Earliest Extract of Epic Homer Poem Odyssey.†The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 10 July 2018, www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/10/earliest-extract-of-homers-epic-poem-odyssey-unearthed.Mackie, Chris. â€Å"Guide to the Classics: Homers Odyssey.†The Conversation, The Conversation, 15 July 2018, theconversation.com/guide-to-the-classics-homers-odyssey-82911.â€Å"Odyssey.†Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 13 July 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey#Structure.
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Introduction to Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Introduction to Creativity - Essay Example The synthetic skill is essential for it allows an individual to look at problems in a different perspective and evade the shortcomings of conventional thinking. In fact, synthetic skill broadens an individual’s thinking ability to see solution to issue that seem to be difficult to handle. The other important intellectual skill is the practical skill. Practical-contextual skill enables an individual to know how to convince others of the value of an idea (Sternberg, Kaufman & Grigorenko, 2009). The three components of intellectual skills are dependent on each other and for intellectual skills to contribute to creativity; the three must work in unison.For creativity to exists, one must have sound knowledge on the field of exploration (Sternberg & Mio, 2009). It is impossible for one to move beyond a challenge if one is ignorant of its existence. However, knowledge about something may result in a closed or entrenched standpoint, making it hard for an individual to think beyond his/her past view of problems. Therefore, knowledge can promote or hamper creativity. However, knowledge is very crucial component of creativity and need to be evident for one to develop creative ideas.A number of research investigations have pointed out personality as another important element of creativity (Sternberg, 2004). Personality entails the willingness to overcome challenges, willingness to take risk, readiness to put up with ambiguity, efficiency among other issues. In fact, for one to display creativity he/ she must be willing to defy the crowd and purse the idea in mind. Criticism allows an individual to think beyond the challenge at hand. People who never give room for criticism.
Friday, November 1, 2019
The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections Essay
The Nurses' Role in the Prevention of Healthcare-associated Infections - Essay Example The introduction is followed by an explanation of what prevention strategies must be adopted by nurses, in order to prevent the occurrence and transfer of infection in the healthcare setting. Important strategies like hand hygiene, antiseptic technique, disinfectant usage, and removal of unnecessary devices from the healthcare setting are discussed. The report is summarized in a concluding paragraph; and, APA referencing style has been used properly throughout the paper. Introduction Nurses’ role in infection prevention cannot be denied, as they have manifold opportunities of practicing their nursing skills and knowledge to prevent hospital acquired infections. They can help the patient to recover fast by diminishing the complications of the infection. Benson and Powers (2011, p.36, par.1) write in their article: According to the CDC, hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) account for an estimated 1.7 million infections and 99,000 associated deaths each year in American hospitals . A recent study found HAIs to be the sixth leading cause of death in the United States, costing the healthcare industry $6 billion annually. This situation has made the health care providers concerned about the provision of high quality health related services to the patients, so that patient safety may be ensured. Nurses are those professionals who have the opportunity of providing health care services and preventing infections right at the bedside of the patients, thus, having a direct impact upon their health, safety, morbidity, and mortality. Within a multidisciplinary healthcare team, nurses utilize nursing-sensitive indicators to prevent infections. This helps them acquire nursing-sensitive positive outcomes, in the form of changes in patients’ understanding of infection symptom and associated emotional suffering. Nurses lead the entire team in preventing infections through utilization of a myriad of strategies described below. Infection Prevention Strategies Nurses ma y help in infection prevention through utilization of strategies that are effective enough to ensure patient safety. One such strategy is hand hygiene. Nurses should not only practice hand hygiene themselves, but should also encourage the patients to adopt it. Nurses’ hands are the direct transfer path of infective pathogens from them to patients, from where these travel across patients and finally across the whole healthcare environment. Last year, I was admitted to a hospital, and my nurse would always perform hand hygiene before and after every patient contact. He would also perform regular antiseptic technique, which prevented the infection from transferring from the equipment to the patients. I drew the conclusion that antiseptics minimized the contamination caused by pathogens when the nurse started a peripheral I.V. line or rubbed the core of an I.V. connector prior to injection. Antiseptic usage ensured the absence of pathogen organisms responsible for infection. Anot her important technique is to clean and disinfect the nursing-related equipment and tools, like sterilization. Since the medical tools are applied on multiple patients, it is important for nurses to clean and disinfect them as frequent as possible, so as to prevent the transfer of infection. Dust and pathogens collect on environmental surfaces which, if not
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)